Physiology of Normal Menstrual Cycle

Understanding the mechanisms of the normal menstrual cycle lays the foundation for understanding the path physiology of anovulatory bleeding and its treatment.

Menstrual cycle resulting in ovulation is the result of a complex interaction between the various organs. A normal menstrual cycle occurs every 21-35 days with menstruation for 2-7 days. The average blood loss is 35-150 ml, with usually no more than 2 heavy days.

During the normal menstrual cycle, the first day corresponds to the first day of menses. The menstrual phase usually lasts 4 days and involves disintegration and soughing of the functionalis layer of the endometrium. The Prolifeeration (Follicular) phase extends from the day 5 to day 14 of the typical cycle. It is marked by endometrial proliferation bought on by estrogen stimulation.

The estrogen is produced by the developing ovarian follicles under the influence of FSH. The phase ends as estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicles under the influence of FSH.

The phase ends as estrogen production peaks, triggering the FSH and LH surge. Repture of the ovarian follicle follows with release of the ovum (Ovulation). The Secretary (Luteal) phase is marked by the production of progesterone and less potent estrogen by the corpus luteum. It extends from the day 15 to day 28 of the typical cycle. The functionalis layer of the endometrium increases in thickness and stroma becomes oedematous. If fertilization does not occur the estrogen and progesterone feedback to the hypothalamus, and FSH & LH production falls. The spiral arteries become coiled and have decreased flow. At the end of the cycle, they alternately contract and relax, causing a breakdown of the functionalis layer and menses to begin.

Pathway of action of hormones for normal menstrual function. A menstrual cycle of fewer than 21 days or more 35 days or a menstrual flow of fewer than two days  or more than seven days is considered abnormal.

Dengue is most affected city around the world

Dengue is also known as break bone fever is an infections tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. The word dengue is Spanish for “affectation,” “Careful” or “ fastidious” 

Some researchaers believe that the name came from a Swahili Phase Ka dinga pepo or a disease caused by an evil spirit. Dengue symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash that is similar to muscles. In a small proportion of cases the disease develops into the life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) resulting in Bleeding, low–levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage or in to dengue shock syndrome where dangerously low blood pressure occurs. 

The virus has four different but related types 1-4 (Den 1-4) infection with one type usually gives lifelong  immunity to that others. There are upto 100 million cases of dengue fever worldwide every year; the most common occurance are in urban parts of subtropical and tropical areas such as Central and South America, parts of Africa, parts of Asia, the Caribbean and Pacific region. Dengue fever virus (DENV) is an RNA virus of the family Falavivridae; genus Falavivirus other members of the same genus include yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus.  

The dengue virus genome code for the three different types of form proteinmolecules (C,prM and E ) that form the virus particle and seven other types of protein molecules (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5) that are only found in infected host cells and are required for replication of the virus. The diagnosis of dengue is include cell Culture, PCR and anti-body detection by ELISA.

As there is no approved Dengue vaccine prevention is sought by reducing the habitat and the number of mosquitoes and limiting exposure to bites. ADI has developed anti-body Elisa kits to determine the efficiency of Dengue Vaccines.

Jet Airways celebrates ‘International Women's Day’ with special offers for women travellers

Mumbai, March, 2014 - Jet Airways India’s Premier international airline, will offer its lady guests special fares to mark 'International Women’s Day'.

The airline will offer its lady travellers a special 10% discount on base fares for international travel on the airlines network and a 10% discount on base fare and fuel surcharge (excluding applicable taxes) on domestic services operated by Jet Airways and Jet Konnect. All tickets, for both domestic and international travel, must be booked online on www.jetairways.com between March 8, 2014 and May 8, 2014, with travel validity of 11 months.

As a part of this international women’s day initiative Jet Airways will also support three Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) working on a range of women’s issues by conducting its unique in-flight fundraising drive from 8th to 22nd March, on all its domestic flights.

Jet Airways will contribute the benefits of these in-flight collection proceeds to three NGOs namely – Mijwan Welfare Society that aims at empowering the underprivileged with a focus on the girl child through education, technical skills and employment generation, Save the Children India’s - Women's Institute for Social Education which provides vocational tainingprogrammes for adolescent girls from marginalised sections of society across Mumbai and Women’s India Trust that focuses on providing education, vocational skills training and livelihood opportunities to unskilled and underprivileged women to empower them with knowledge for self-reliance.

Speaking on the occasion Mr. Gaurang Shetty, Senior Vice President – Commercial, Jet Airways, said “International Women's Day is heralded as a chance to celebrate past, present and future women. The airline takes pride in participating and honouring women from all walks of life, on this special occasion. Through our unique in-flight fund collection drive, we believe in making a contribution to society, especially towards the welfare and betterment of women from marginalised sections.”

Jet Airways introduces direct daily flight from Hyderabad to Abu Dhabi

Mumbai, March, 2014-  Jet Airways India’s premier international airline launched a new daily direct service from Hyderabad to Abu Dhabi with effect from March 01, 2014. 

At Hyderabad’s Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, the flight was flagged of by dignitaries from the airport community, in the presence of Mr. G U G Shastri, COO GMR Hyderabad International Airport Limited, MrManoj Bang CMD, Aditya Group of Consultants, Mr. C. VR Rajendran - Chairman Managing Director of Andhra Bank and Mr. V. Janakiraman - VP, Airport Services - Jet Airways (India) Limited. 

Jet Airways flight 9W 550 departed Hyderabad’s Rajiv Gandhi International Airport at 2025 hrs and arrived in Abu Dhabi International Airport at 2310 hrs (LT). On the return leg, the flight 9W 549 will depart Abu Dhabi at 1045 hrs (LT) and arrive in Hyderabad at 1610 hrs. 

Jet Airways guests from Hyderabad to Abu Dhabi can avail of a special inaugural return Economy fare of INR 22,615 (including taxes). Premiere guests travelling from Hyderabad to Abu Dhabi and return, can also avail of an introductory fare of INR 48,578 (including taxes). 

This new flight will further strengthen Jet Airways’ growing international network in the Gulf region, thus enhancing flight connectivity beyond Abu Dhabi to immediate Gulf countries and to destinations in North America and Europe. Jet Airways currently operates a daily flight each from Delhi, Kochi and Chennai and 11 flights a week from Mumbai to Abu Dhabi. 

The airline will deploy Boeing 737-800 Next Generation (NG) aircraft on these routes, where Premiere and Economy guests may enjoy the airline’s famed in-flight service, its award-winning In-flight Entertainment (IFE) programme and the airline's hallmark concept of hospitality.

ROLLS-ROYCE SHOWCASES TRENT TECHNOLOGY AT INDIA AVIATION 2014

Hyderabad, India - Rolls-Royce the global provider of integrated power systems and services to the aerospace civil and defense, marine and energy markets will showcase its Trent engine technology at India Aviation 2014.

The 4^th edition of India Aviation takes place from 12-16 March in Hyderabad and Rolls-Royce will display a Trent 1000 scale model at its exhibition area located at Hall A(32)

Speaking on the occasion, Mr. Inshore Jayaraman, President, Rolls-Royce India, said: “We are glad to be part of Aviation as it offers a great platform for Rolls-Royce to showcase its technology for the growing civil aviation market in India. With Passenger numbers forecast to triple in the near future, wide-body aircraft could be a key solution to increase efficiency in passenger load and air traffic and we are the engine provider of choice in that market ”.

Capable of providing up to 78,000Ib thrust, The Trent 1000 engine is designed to powers of the Boeing 787 Dream liner family(787-8, 787-9 and 787-10 aircraft variants). The Trent family’s unique three shaft design makes every Trent engine able to retain its Performance advantage for longer, the equivalent of an additional fuel burn benefit of 1% through life.  TO date over 450 Trent 1000 powered Boeing 787 Dream liner aircraft have been ordered by 25 customers.

Rolls-Royce has built a technology leadership position with its Trent family of engines, the latest of which the Trent XWB is the world’s most efficient engine flying today. Rolls-Royce is continually innovating and as part of that on-going process is looking to build on the success of the Trent family of engines with two new generation engine designs- Advance & UltraFAN^TM.